Psychological Disorder - 1031 Words

Psych. 110 Mental Illness Psychological disorder, also known as a mental disorder, is a pattern of behavioral or psychological symptoms that impact multiple life areas and/or create distress for the person experiencing these symptoms (Cherry Kendra). Films could be used as a medium for teaching anyone about psychology, social work, medicine, nursing, counseling, and even literature. Or media studies about mental illness and psychopathology (Movies and Mental). As such, I had watched a psychological thriller film in my earliest day and the film gave an example about psychological disorder. The film was â€Å"The Number 23.† The Number 23 film was released in 2007, February 23th and directed by Joel Schumacher. The film starred with Jim†¦show more content†¦Therefore, the death of his father made Walter became obsessed with the number, drives him to murder Laura (Fabrizia), went to the King Edward hotel, wrote The Number 23, and jumped off the balcony (just like the story about the detective). However, he survived from the fall, but suffered severe injuries and trauma that caused him to had memory loss. He ended in mental institute, receives treatment from â€Å"Dr. Sirius Leary,† (Agatha found the ID card of him that led her to abandoned asylum), and after a few year. Walter was recovering from Dissociative disorder and leaves the institute where he met Agatha. When he left the institute, Dr. Leary found Walter manuscript, read it, and publishing it. But, somehow the book made Dr. Leary become obsession with the number 23. All in all, Walter had accepted of being the killer that he not the man he was and tried to commit suicide. By being run over by a bus, but steps out of the way at the last minute when he realizes Robin was watching. Walter walked toward Robin, looked at his eye, cried, and gave his son a hug. Then, Walter turned himself over to the police and was awaiting a trail that the court would give him a lightly sentence. This made Flinch a free man and at the end of the film. The film showed the Bible reading from Numbers 32:23: Be sure your sin will find you out. Reference Cherry Kendra Psychology (About.com): What is a Psychological Disorder? Retrieve from:Show MoreRelatedPsychological Disorders : A Psychological Disorder1632 Words   |  7 PagesPsychological disorders are often a taboo subject in our society. Many find themselves to be the subject of ridicule and/or a social pariah from their peers at the simple hint of a mental disorder. This stems largely from simple ignorance to the cause and actual effects of the problems. Many of the same people that spend most of the day complaining about others that have psychological disorders could potentially find themselves and their behavior defined as such. Psychological disorder are an, â€Å"ongoingRead MorePsychological Disorders : A Psychological Disorder1097 Words   |  5 PagesA psychological disorder is a pattern of abnormal behavior that is associated with states of significant emotional distress, such as anxiety or depression, or with impaired behavior or ability to function, such as difficulty holding a job or even distinguishing reality form fantasy. (Abnorma l Psychology; 3) There are people that become embarrassed by their psychological disorder or abnormal behavior and refuse to receive help because they are afraid of what society and even their family may thinkRead MorePsychological Disorder740 Words   |  3 PagesPsychological Disorder Paper Psy/450 University of Phoenix Amanda Kettinger 3 July 2010 Psychological Disorder Many mental disorders vary from person to person and in its on severity. All disorders have both a physical and psychological components. Abnormal behavior is difficult to define. Behavior may also be evaluated by whether it conforms to social rules and cultural norms, an approach that avoids reproachful nonconformists as irregular for behavior that, although strange, mayRead MorePsychological Disorders1952 Words   |  8 PagesAnalyzing Psychological Disorders Becca Marlin/ PSY240 August 12, 2012 L. Renee Foster Herrmann Analyzing Psycholgical Disorders Page 1 I’m glad that I don’t live in the 1800’s. Did you know that back in the 1800’s when doctors were just beginning to understand psychological disorders, that if you were thought to suffer from a psychological disorder you could have holes drilled into your head or you could be put on any number of experimental drugs that could in fact make the conditionRead MorePsychological Disorders1154 Words   |  5 PagesPsychological Disorder July, 20, 2011 Psychological Disorder Paper Psychological disorders are stated to be abnormalities of the mind, known as mental disorders (Klasco, 2011). Abnormalities of the mind cause persistent behaviors that affect an individualà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s daily function and life (Klasco, 2011). The different types of psychological disorders include mood disorders, personality disorders, anxiety disorders, and eating disorders (Klasco, 2011). The causes of these disorders are unknown, butRead MorePsychological And Psychological Aspects Of Psychological Disorders1814 Words   |  8 PagesPsychological Disorders A psychological disorder is a syndrome marked by a clinically significant disturbance within an individual’s cognition, emotion, regulation, or behavior. Typically, a behavior is marked as disturbing or dysfunctional when they interfere with one’s day-to-day life. The medical model approach assumes that a psychological disorder is a mental illness and comes with physical causes that can be diagnosed, sometimes treated, and sometimes cured through therapy or possibly throughRead MoreBipolar Disorder : A Psychological Disorder1293 Words   |  6 PagesBipolar disorder is a psychological disorder in which a person alternates between being depressed to extremely happy and being cross or irritable. Bipolar disorder is also known manic-depressive illness. Bipolar disorder can cause shifts in energy, mood and activity level. This disorder can cause damage up to many things like relationships, jobs, school performance and even suicide. There are many treatments to bipolar diso rder for those that have or are being affected. Bipolar Disorder BipolarRead MoreBipolar Disorder : A Psychological Disorder1536 Words   |  7 PagesBipolar disorder is a brain disorder that is becoming a serious medical condition and health concern in this country. It is also known as manic-depressive illness or manic-depressive disorder. The disorder causes unusual shifts in mood, energy, and the ability to carry out day to day tasks. The symptoms are different from normal ups and downs that everyone goes through from time to time. The mental condition involves having a person alternate between feelings of mania and depression. Bipolar disorderRead MoreMental Disorders : A Psychological Disorder1178 Words   |  5 PagesA psychological disorder, also known as a mental disorder, is a pattern of behavioral or psychological symptoms that impact multiple life areas and create distress for the person experiencing these symptoms. These symptoms are characterized by clinically significant disturbance in an individual s cognitive, emotion regu lation, or behavior that reflects a dysfunction in the psychological, biological, or developmental process underlying mental functioning. Mental disorders are usually associated withRead MoreA Brief Note On Psychological And Psychological Disorders1602 Words   |  7 Pages Malingering Psychological Disorders Jalisse M. Smith John Jay College of Criminal Justice â€Æ' Deception is often portrayed in various instances. Patients may feign an illness to get quick medical attention, receive compensation, or to evade going to work. Individuals sometimes even pretend to have physical or psychological illnesses to avoid reporting to military duty. Psychologists and psychiatrists often find themselves in the position to determine whether or not a criminals alleged

Consumerism And Consumerism - 854 Words

Americans are known for their overindulgence in everything: fancy cars, enormous houses, bountiful amounts of food, and ultramodern smartphones. The common mindset of the average American is to want more and more. Many people no longer work for a sense of self-satisfaction, rather they work to obtain an excessive amount of material goods to feel good about themselves and maintain their status in society. All of this exemplifies consumerism. According to Merriam Webster, consumerism is defined as â€Å"the theory that an increasing consumption of goods is economically desirable; also : a preoccupation with and inclination toward the buying of consumer goods.† It has persuaded American society into believing that more is better, which has†¦show more content†¦Because of this, it is much easier for consumers to purchase something and therefore obtain more and more. Credit cards also contribute to this obtainment. Originally, credit cards were only owned by the wealthiest consumers. Now, anyone can access a credit card if he or she desires. The credit card allows for the consumer to buy an incredible amount of things, and they typically do. Why is there this mentality of extreme consumerism? It is because of the inherent urge for status in society. People attempt to consume more than their neighbor to appear better and increase their status. In â€Å"The Discovery of What It Means to Be an American,† James Baldwin states â€Å"it seems inevitable, in any case, that a man may become uneasy as to just what his status is† (Baldwin). Americans become restless and uneasy if they feel that their status is lower than someone else’s, and this drives them to consume more. Additionally, in â€Å"Why the Americans are so Restless,† Alexis de Tocqueville asserts, â€Å"he [an American] is so hasty in grasping at all within his reach that one would suppose he was constantly afraid of not living long enough to enjoy them... but soon l oosens his grasp to pursue fresh gratifications† (Tocqueville). Americans can never settle; they must always be working to achieve more. This can have both positive and negative effectsShow MoreRelatedDisadvantages Of Consumerism1154 Words   |  5 Pages â€Å"The study of consumerism in world history does not provide a definitive balance sheet on whether the long-term results are favorable or unfavorable. But it does provide perspective, allowing [a] greater understanding of what consumerism involves, and perspective...offers a greater capacity to choose...rather than being swept away by the latest enthusiasm† (Stearns, 159). Peter Stearns’ book â€Å"Consumerism In World History: The Global Transformation of Desire† offers an extensive perspective on theRead MoreConsumerism Essay1620 Words   |  7 PagesConsumerism – Bruce Dawe Poetry || 2009 Every society has mythology. In some societies, it’s religion. Our religion is consumerism. As we are constantly exposed to mass media and popular culture in our modern society, the insidious nature of consumerism has allowed it to penetrate into every aspect of our lives, dictating our very beliefs, values and wants. Nearly every individual in our society subconsciously conforms to the shallow and superficial mindset that characterises our consumerist cultureRead MoreEssay on Effects on Consumerism742 Words   |  3 Pages Consumerism is a description of society’s lifestyle in which many people embrace to achieve their goals by acquiring goods that they clearly do not need (Stearns, 7). The idea that the market is shaped by the choice of the consumers’ needs and wants can be defined as a consumer sovereignty (Goodwin, Nelson, Ackerman, Weisskopf, 2). This belief is based on the assumption that the consumer knows what it wants. Contrary to this logic, marketers convince us that the consumer does not know what theyRead MoreThe Problem Of Extreme Consumerism926 Words   |  4 Pagesextreme amount of consumerism, but why exactly? What are the possible causes of extreme consumerism? Some of the few possible causes contributing to mass consumerism would include: the want for consumption, the need for consumption, and possibly even hoarders. Although many of the possible causes listed above tie together, it’s quite interesting exploring these causes of extreme consumerism and being able to shine a small light on the subject. As mentioned, extreme consumerism is what makes theRead MoreConsumerism Is All Around Us747 Words   |  3 Pagesto carry out the day-to-day happenings of our lives, the people of the 21st century cannot seem to escape the ever-powerful grasp of corporate consumerism. While many are aware that consumerism is all around us, few understand the true extent to which it impacts our lives. With constant exposure to advertising it’s hard not to get sucked into consumerism. The advertisements we see influence our spending habits by convincing us that certain material possessions will improve our lives. This is problematicRead MoreModern Society and Consumerism Essay1035 Words   |  5 PagesConsumerism is defined as â€Å"the theory that an increasing consumption of goods is economically desirable† (â€Å"Consumerism†). Its primary motivation is the idea that if one does not have all that money can buy, then he or she cannot be happy. This school of thought has beco me an integral part of modern society not only in the United States, but internationally as well. While the exact source of this term and ideology are debatable, it is certain now that consumerism is here to stay, intertwining withRead MoreConsumerism : The Great Gatsby, And Harrison Bergeron1441 Words   |  6 PagesConsumerism is defined as the increase in the consumption of goods. It is the theory that buying more goods will ultimately lead to economic advantages. Consumerism has destroyed the concept of the idealistic nuclear family in America, in favor of materialistic chaos. American society used to be content with the little things in life, up until the rise of consumerism, starting during the industrial revolution, but reaching its peak after World War II. Americans have become more occupied with theRead MoreEssay The Effects of Consumerism on Adults and Children1085 Words   |  5 PagesThe Effects of Consumerism on Adults and Children Consumers are creatively successful when designing a persuasive advertisement for increased profitability. In a normal household, it’s the parents who have the financial obligations; therefore, it would be wise to grab their attention. On the other hand, it takes less than a strategic mind targeting children because the simplest things fascinate them. Businesses have been perfecting commercials to be effective on the viewers, for years. AlthoughRead MoreConsumerism And Free Market Economy1509 Words   |  7 Pagescommercialism as essential in the enhancement of capitalism and free market economy. It can also lead to innovation competition of companies in meeting the needs of consumers. However, Commercialism can lead to an increase in wasteful consumption or consumerism. It can also lead to the depletion of natural resources in trying to meet the consumption needs of the people. Although commercialism have it draw backs, it is not all bad; commercialism promotes capitalism and free trade both of which are veryRead MoreHow Consumerism Changed The City London2342 Words   |  10 Pagesabriel and Lang (1995:3) define consumerism as a life â€Å"excessively preoccupied with consumption.† Individuals who are at the extreme end of the spectrum could be referred to as shopaholics. According to Bocock et al (1993) at the heart of consumerism is a belief that â€Å"goods and services specifically provide fun and enjoyment† for the consumer (Bocock et al, 1993, cited in Troy, 1995). It is a very important factor in our daily life as we are confronted with numerous products to choose from (Beer

Business Law Common Law of Contract

Question: Discuss about the Business Law for Common Law of Contract. Answer: Introduction The common law of contract requires the fulfillment of three basic elements: 1. Agreement 2. Intention to create contract 3. Consideration The fulfillment of these three criteria leads to the formation of a valid contract.[1]However, over the years, certain gaps have been found in the common law of contract sometimes due to the stronger bargaining position of a party or sometimes due to non-enforcement of an agreement by a party. These gaps have been fulfilled by the law of equity. The equitable principles and good conscience have consistently prevented the stronger party to keep advantage of their position and have kept them within their limits. However, through the principles of equity, the intervention of Judges in contractual matters have unnecessarily increased to a great extent and this discretionary power of the Judges are being exercised every now and then. Moreover, there is no certainty about the instances in which the Court can come in between the individuals in matters of contract. Application of equitable principles with respect to promissory estoppel Case: Waltons Stores Interstate Ltd v Maher (1998) In this case negotiations were entered into two parties, Maher and Waltons, in pursuance of which, Maher was required to lease his owned property to Waltons. Maher was required to construct a new building in the property after demolishing an existing one. As per the negotiations, Maher demolished the existed building in the property and started constructing a new one. It was at this moment that Waltons decided not to proceed further with the agreement. Subsequently Maher filed a suit against Waltons for enforcement of the agreement. In this case, an agreement was entered into between the parties but they had not done the formalities of a contract. Therefore, there was no real contract entered into between the parties. The Court applied the principle of promissory estoppel and estopped Walton from saying something different from what he had said earlier. The circumstances of the case show that Maher was under an assumption that Waltons would proceed with the agreementand consequently he incurred expenses on erecting a new structure in the property. Waltons never warned Maher from proceeding further with the construction work and thus in way induced him to go ahead with the agreement. The doctrine of promissory estoppel thus helped to enforce the agreement in the absence of a valid contract. In this way equitable principles helped to repair the injustice left in the common law of contract. The principle of promissory estoppel has been applied in various cases in subsequent yearsfor enforcing agreement between parties in the absence of a real contract. In the case of Weeks v. Hrubala, the issue was relating to proprietary estoppel, wherein the plaintiffs alleged that the deceased made a series of promises to the plaintiff that the property would belong to them for the rest of their lives. The deceased made this promise in consideration of the maintenance of the property by the plaintiff. However, the case lacked in providing sufficient link between the work done and the promises made and consequently the case failed on facts. The plaintiff lost his claim of proprietary estoppel. The Court rejected the applicability of the doctrine of promissory estoppel only as it lacked in case facts. This case is a clear example of the fact that depicts that the Court has exclusive discretionary powers wherein they can apply the doctrine of promissory estoppel relying only on the facts of the case. The discretionary power of the Court leads to certainty to the meaning that is contained in the statutory law. Application of equitable principles against unconscionable conduct Case: Commercial Bank of Australia V Amadio In this case,Vincenzo Amadio had taken a loan from the Commercial Bank of Australia. His parents acted as guarantors to the loan. The fact of the matter is that the financial position of the debtor was not good and moreover,the guarantors were under a belief that their liability was limited to an amount of $50,000. Thus, the guarantors were not aware of the nature of the transaction and the bank neither informed the guarantors that their liability was unlimited nor informed them about the debtors unstable financial condition. Subsequently,the debtor failed to repay the loan and the bank proceeded to enforce the guarantee by mortgaging theproperty owned by the Amadios. The Court held that the bank was at fault and has indulged in an unconscionable conduct by taking advantage of the situation. It was the duty of the bank to inform the guarantors about their unlimited liability and also about the unstable financial condition of the debtor. By failing to do so, the bank had tried to take undue advantage which is not just under the equitable principles. Thus, the contract of guarantee was set aside by the Court on the ground of unconscionable conduct by the Bank. Had the principles of the common law of contract been attracted in this case, then the bank would have easily done away with its misdeed. But the principles of equity have repaired the injustice and have given justice to the weaker party of the contract. The ratio of the Amadio case has been followed in the subsequent case of Armendariz v. Foundation Health Psychcare Services, Inc. The Supreme Court of California decided this case and the issue was related to determining the factor that shall amount to unconscionability. According to the Court, for a contract to be void on the grounds of unconscionability, both procedural and substantive element is required. A court may exercise its discretion in enforcing a contract if they feel that the contract is unconscionable in nature. In this case, the arbitration agreement contained no clause of negotiation and the lack of such a clause made the Court declare the contract as unconscionable. In this case, the Court used their discretion and declared the contract unconscionable. According to many theorists, equity gave a lot of power to the Judges to decide cases in which the meaning of the laws and principles were not clear. Since the doctrine of unconscionable contract does not have any clea r meaning in any statutes or regulations, the Court has the power to regularize such doctrines. The fact of the case was that a civil engineer had contracted with West Beach Research Laboratory to install some mechanism through which water would be pumped to and from the laboratory. The engineer performed substantial part of his obligation, but unfortunately the work could not be completed due to some underwater obstruction. Thus, extra work needed to be done for overcoming the obstacle. The principal, thereafter, put some condition which was to be complied with by the engineer; otherwise the engineer would be replaced by a new one. The engineer pleaded for unconscionable conduct on the part of the principal. The Court found out that the principal was taking advantage of the situation and the contractor was in a financially weaker position and found it appropriate to apply the ratio of the Amadio case. Thus the principles of equity have been efficiently applied to prevent unconscionable conduct by the parties. However, the fact cannot be ignored that the principles of equity has given a lot of discretionary power to the Judges. The judges are applying the equitable principles according to their choice and this has undermined the clarity which common law of contract provided. Giving all the power to the judges may prove to be unfruitful. The capacity of the parties to decide the terms and conditions of contracts for themselves are also getting effected by the intervention of Courts. Under these circumstances, the need of the hour is to draw a line between the instances where the Court can intervene and the instances where the Court cannot interfere. Conclusion The principles of equity and good conscience have undoubtedly afforded flexibility and discretion to the Courts to do justice to the parties. However, giving extreme power to the Judges may not prove to be a constructive development. Individuals, while framing the terms of a contract, make law for themselves and they act accordingly. The intervention of Courts in matters relating to contracts has affected the law making power of the individuals and the problematic part is that there is no clarity about the grounds when the Courts can intervene. Unconscionable conduct and promissory estoppelare few instances in which the Courts have exercised their discretionary power. This power well extends beyond these instances and Courts power to intrude is nowhere defined or limited and this is not a constructive idea. Bibliography Contract (2016) LII / Legal Information Institute https://www.law.cornell.edu/wex/contract (2016) Lr.law.qut.edu.au https://lr.law.qut.edu.au/article/viewFile/177/171. Waltons Stores (Interstate) Ltd V Maher [1988] HCA 7; (1988) 164 CLR 387 (19 February 1988) (2016) Austlii.edu.au https://www.austlii.edu.au/cgi-bin/sinodisp/au/cases/cth/HCA/1988/7.html?stem=0synonyms=0query=Walton%20and%20Maher Promissory Estoppel (2016) LII / Legal Information Institute https://www.law.cornell.edu/wex/promissory_estoppel. (2016) https://www.austlii.edu.au/au/journals/FedLRev/1996/4.pdf. Commercial Bank Of Australia Ltd V Amadio [1983] HCA 14; (1983) 151 CLR 447 (12 May 1983) (2016) Austlii.edu.au https://www.austlii.edu.au/cgi-bin/sinodisp/au/cases/cth/HCA/1983/14.html. Principle Of Conscience In The Equity Courts (2016) Academia.edu https://www.academia.edu/1762654/Principle_of_Conscience_in_the_Equity_Courts. (2016) https://www.monash.edu/__data/assets/pdf_file/0013/142042/unconscionability-and-good-faith-in-business-transactions-paul-vout.pdf.